Kharezm-Khiva

Khorezm Province Khorezm Province is one of the 12 provinces of Uzbekistan. Its administrative capital is the city of Urgench. It covers an area of ​​6,300 km2 in western Uzbekistan, on the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, between the Kyzyl-Kum and Kara-Kum deserts. It is bordered to the north by the Republic of Karakalpakstan, to the east by Bukhara Province, and to the south and west by Turkmenistan. Its climate is continental, with hot summers and very cold winters, and little precipitation. The average temperature is 4.5°C in January and 27.4°C in June, but it can reach 44°C. Annual precipitation amounts to 90–100 mm. The province is subdivided into 10 districts and 3 cities. Its districts are: Bagat, Gurlan, Koshkupir, Urgench, Hazarasp, Hanka, Khiva, Shavat, Yangiaryk, and Yangibazar. Its cities are: Urgench, Khiva, and Dustlik. Its cities, Urgench and Khiva, are historical cities. The history of Khorezm is linked to that of Khiva. Khiva Khiva is located in northwest Uzbekistan, in an oasis 469 kilometers from Bukhara. It was the capital of the state of Khorezm. Khiva is located 40 km from the Amu Darya River, on the banks of the Palvan Yap Canal. To the northwest, it borders the Kushkupir region, to the north the Urgench region, to the northeast the Yangiaryk region, and to the southeast Turkmenistan. The southern part of the city borders the Karakum Desert. The Ak Yap and Serchali canals cross the city. Khiva currently has a population of over 49,200. Its territory covers 883 hectares. History According to legend, Shem, the son of Noah, fell asleep in the desert and had a dream in which he saw himself surrounded by three hundred torches. Thanks to this auspicious sign, he decided to build a city on this site. Upon returning, he built a fortress and a well west of the city. Khiva was destroyed and rebuilt several times. According to archaeologists, Khiva was founded in the 5th century BC. The Avesta, the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, indicates Khorezm, Hvairijem, as the land of the Earth and the Sun. In the 3rd century BC, the kingdom of Khorezm was the seat of an agrarian civilization. On the banks of the Amu Darya, one of the ancient civilizations of Central Asia was born. Monuments from this period include the sites of Janbas Kala, Kurgashin Kala, Bazaar Kala, Kunyurli Kala, Koy Kirilgan Kala, and others. The inhabitants of these sites were well-versed in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, art, and geodesy. Under the Achaemenids, Khorezm was a separate satrapy. The temple city of Toprak Kala was built during the Kushan period between the 1st and 2nd centuries. Information about Khorezm can be found in the documents found at Toprak Kala. These documents date the Khorezm era from the 1st century AD. The Khorezm calendar was used in Khorezm until the 8th century AD. Khorezmian writing is found in wood, leather, coins, and seals. Until 307, Tupraq Kala was the capital of Khorezm. In 307, under the Afrigid dynasty (4th and 10th centuries), Kiayt became its capital. During the time of the Turkish kaghanat, Khorezm had retained its political independence. Its city, Khiva, was a stopover on merchant routes. At the beginning of the 8th century, there were three major cities in Khorezm: Kiyat, Hazarasp, and Urgench. In 710 and 712, the Khorezmshakh and the Arabs, led by Kuteyba ibn Muslim, invaded Soghde. Later, the Arabs subjugated Khorezm. The Arabs burned all the treasures, books, and ancient writings, and killed the scholars and intellectuals of Khorezm. In 996, Khorezm divided into two parts: Northern Khorezm (its capital Urgench) and Southern Khorezm (its capital Kiyat). King Mamun ibn Mamun united these two kingdoms. The names Khorezm and Khiva appear in chronicles from the late 10th century. Khorezm was particularly renowned for its melons. The 10th-century historian As-Salibi noted that the best variety of Khorezm melons was the barandje. Khiva was a stopover city on trade routes. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, Khiva was part of the Samanid Empire. The pears and melons from its "Gardens of Eden," preserved in crushed ice in special tin boxes, were shipped to the court of the caliphs in Baghdad. Caravans with pears and melons crossed the sands, the mountains of Hindu Kush. At that time, a melon cost more than a slave. Abdul Abbas Mamoun, king of Khorezm, founded the Academy of Mamoun. Its capital was the city of Gurganj. During his reign, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, geography, mineralogy, literature, philosophy, history, languages, and other branches of science flourished.

Khorezm Province Khorezm Province is one of the 12 provinces of Uzbekistan. Its administrative capital is the city of Urgench. It covers an area of ​​6,300 km2 in western Uzbekistan, on the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, between the Kyzyl-Kum and Kara-Kum deserts. It is bordered to the north by the Republic of Karakalpakstan, to the east by Bukhara Province, and to the south and west by Turkmenistan. Its climate is continental, with hot summers and very cold winters, and little precipitation. The average temperature is 4.5°C in January and 27.4°C in June, but it can reach 44°C. Annual precipitation amounts to 90–100 mm. The province is subdivided into 10 districts and 3 cities. Its districts are: Bagat, Gurlan, Koshkupir, Urgench, Hazarasp, Hanka, Khiva, Shavat, Yangiaryk, and Yangibazar. Its cities are: Urgench, Khiva, and Dustlik. Its cities, Urgench and Khiva, are historical cities. The history of Khorezm is linked to that of Khiva. Khiva Khiva is located in northwest Uzbekistan, in an oasis 469 kilometers from Bukhara. It was the capital of the state of Khorezm. Khiva is located 40 km from the Amu Darya River, on the banks of the Palvan Yap Canal. To the northwest, it borders the Kushkupir region, to the north the Urgench region, to the northeast the Yangiaryk region, and to the southeast Turkmenistan. The southern part of the city borders the Karakum Desert. The Ak Yap and Serchali canals cross the city. Khiva currently has a population of over 49,200. Its territory covers 883 hectares. History According to legend, Shem, the son of Noah, fell asleep in the desert and had a dream in which he saw himself surrounded by three hundred torches. Thanks to this auspicious sign, he decided to build a city on this site. Upon returning, he built a fortress and a well west of the city. Khiva was destroyed and rebuilt several times. According to archaeologists, Khiva was founded in the 5th century BC. The Avesta, the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, indicates Khorezm, Hvairijem, as the land of the Earth and the Sun. In the 3rd century BC, the kingdom of Khorezm was the seat of an agrarian civilization. On the banks of the Amu Darya, one of the ancient civilizations of Central Asia was born. Monuments from this period include the sites of Janbas Kala, Kurgashin Kala, Bazaar Kala, Kunyurli Kala, Koy Kirilgan Kala, and others. The inhabitants of these sites were well-versed in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, art, and geodesy. Under the Achaemenids, Khorezm was a separate satrapy. The temple city of Toprak Kala was built during the Kushan period between the 1st and 2nd centuries. Information about Khorezm can be found in the documents found at Toprak Kala. These documents date the Khorezm era from the 1st century AD. The Khorezm calendar was used in Khorezm until the 8th century AD. Khorezmian writing is found in wood, leather, coins, and seals. Until 307, Tupraq Kala was the capital of Khorezm. In 307, under the Afrigid dynasty (4th and 10th centuries), Kiayt became its capital. During the time of the Turkish kaghanat, Khorezm had retained its political independence. Its city, Khiva, was a stopover on merchant routes. At the beginning of the 8th century, there were three major cities in Khorezm: Kiyat, Hazarasp, and Urgench. In 710 and 712, the Khorezmshakh and the Arabs, led by Kuteyba ibn Muslim, invaded Soghde. Later, the Arabs subjugated Khorezm. The Arabs burned all the treasures, books, and ancient writings, and killed the scholars and intellectuals of Khorezm. In 996, Khorezm divided into two parts: Northern Khorezm (its capital Urgench) and Southern Khorezm (its capital Kiyat). King Mamun ibn Mamun united these two kingdoms. The names Khorezm and Khiva appear in chronicles from the late 10th century. Khorezm was particularly renowned for its melons. The 10th-century historian As-Salibi noted that the best variety of Khorezm melons was the barandje. Khiva was a stopover city on trade routes. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, Khiva was part of the Samanid Empire. The pears and melons from its "Gardens of Eden," preserved in crushed ice in special tin boxes, were shipped to the court of the caliphs in Baghdad. Caravans with pears and melons crossed the sands, the mountains of Hindu Kush. At that time, a melon cost more than a slave. Abdul Abbas Mamoun, king of Khorezm, founded the Academy of Mamoun. Its capital was the city of Gurganj. During his reign, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, geography, mineralogy, literature, philosophy, history, languages, and other branches of science flourished.